摘 要:低渗透气藏已成为目前我国天然气开发的重点对象,其渗流规律也不同于常规气藏,特别是气井产水以后,存在气、水两相流动,气藏的渗流规律将发生明显的变化,常规的单井控制储量计算方法已不再适合。为此,针对气藏低渗透、产水的特点,重新推导了气井的气、水两相产能方程,并结合物质平衡法,建立了一个改进的适合产水低渗气井控制储量计算的采气曲线法,并用实例进行了验证。结果表明:启动压力梯度及气井产水对控制储量的计算有明显影响;在储量计算公式推导中,水气体积比的引入,能更准确地求取产水气井的储量和表述产水对储量的影响;在考虑产水因素后,求得的天然气储量明显降低,且随产水量的增加,求得的气井控制储量也减少。该研究成果对于提高低渗透产水气藏单井控制储量的计算精度具有重要参考价值。
关键词:低渗透气藏 控制储量 产水 启动拟压力梯度 计算 精度
Single well controlled reserves calculation for low permeability water-preducing gas reservoirs and implications of the involvement of water production
Abstract:With the development of oil/gas recovery technology,low permeability gas reservoirs have become a focus due to their seepage flow mechanism distinct from that of conventional gas reservoirs.It is worth noting that the gas-water two-phase flow in wells especially after water production will result in an obvious change in the seepage flow mechanism of reservoirs,thereby making the conventional single well controlled reserves calculation method no longer applicable.In view of this,the gas-water two-phase productivity equation was re derived for gas wells and in combination with the material balance method,an improved gas yield curve method was developed appropriate for the controlled reserves calculation for low-permeability and water producing gas wells,which was also validated by field practices.The following findings were obtained:(1)the kickoff pressure gradient and water production have noticeable implications on the single well controlled reserves calculation;(2)the introduction of water/gas volume ratio into the reserves calculation formula helps estimate the reserves of water producing wells and represent the implications of water production on reserves calculation in a more precise way;and (3)the calculated single well controlled reserves drop sharply when water production is considered,and decrease with the increase in water production.This study is of great significance as a reference to improving the calculation precision for single-well controlled reserves of low-permeability and water-producing gas reservoirs.
Key words:low permeability gas reservoir,single well controlled reserves,water production,kickoff pressure gradient,calculation,precision
在产水低渗透气臧的升发过程中,由于储层物性差的特性及产水的影响,在对气井储量评价时,如果仍用常规方法必将导致错误的结果。从前人实验结果表明:气体在产水低渗透气藏巾渗流时,存在启动压力梯度[1]。为此,笔者在考虑启动压力梯度及产水的基础上,并结合气藏物质平衡法,推导了产水低渗透气井单井控制储量的计算方法。
1 方程推导
考虑启动压力梯度的气、水两相稳定渗流数学模型[2-12]如下:
气相
水相
模型假设条件:①气水两相流动形式为平面径相稳定渗流;②气相满足二项式渗流形式、水相为达西渗流;③毛细管压力及表皮污染忽略。
同时还满足:
联立式(1)~(5),并整理得:
气相
其中
也可用习惯的压力平方形式表示,即
令
则式(6)可表示为[13]:
水相
上式可简化为:
其中
联立式(11)、(13)、(14),整理得:
[(Pe+Pwf)E´WGR2-B]q2+[( Pe+Pwf)D´WGR-A]q+[( Pe+Pwf)F-C]=0 (15)
式(15)即为低渗透气藏气井产水后的考虑水气比的稳态产能方程式。当WGR=0时,即气井不产水时,气井产能方程式就由式(15)变为式(11)。通过对水气比(WGR)的引入,式(15)更好地表述了气井产水对气井产能的影响,更能准确地反映在一定地层压力下,或一定阶段气井的流人动态规律。
对于产水气藏,考虑其为正常压力系统,忽略束缚水的膨胀作用和岩石压缩性引起的岩性膨胀,其物质平衡方程为[14]:
将式(15)和式(16)结合起来就可得低渗透产水气井控制储量计算的方程:
式中Zi、Z的取值可由本文参考文献[1]中提供的方法获取,水侵量(We)可由本文参考文献[10]中提供的多种计算方法。
对于高含共生水的定容封闭气藏或边底水不活跃的气藏,可以认为没有水驱的作用,气井产出的水都来自地层共生水,“即We=0。此时产水低渗透气井的单井控制储量方程就可变为:
式中A、B、C、D、E、F分别为气井气相或水相的产能方程系数,WGR为水气体积比。通过该式就可求出气井的控制储量Go从上式可以看出:WGR越大,其单井控制储量就越低。所以,控制好气井的出水,就能提高气井的产能,从而提高气井对储量的控制程度。
2 实例分析
以我国某气田为例,利用上述方法及试井与生产资料,选取该气田中的8口生产井为示例,比较分析气井在不考虑产水和考虑产水时的单井控制储量,并比较产水变为实际的l.1、1.2、1.3、1.4、1.5倍时所对应的气井控制储量的变化情况[15](表l,图l、2)。
从上述图表中可以看出:首先,不考虑产水情况的气井控制储量要高于产水的情况,出水对储量的影响显而易见;其次,考虑产水时,计算的储量的降幅明显加大。从计算结果可得出,考虑产水后,气井控制量平均降低23.84%;产水情况下,越高,水量越大,相应地气井控制储量也越低,水气比每增大0.1倍时,气井控制储量将平均降低0.9%~l.2%。
3 结论
从前面的理论推导与实例分析可以得到如下认识:
1)对低渗透产水气井进行控制储量计算时,启动压力梯度及气井产水对储量计算有明显影响,不容忽视。
2)在储量计算公式推导中,水气体积比的引入,更能准确地求取产水气井的储量及表述产水对储量的影响。
3)从实例分析可以看出:在考虑产水后,求得的储量明显降低,且随产水量增加,求得的气井控制储量减低。因此,对产水气井计算单井控制储量时必须考虑产水影响,否则将会得到错误的结果。
符号说明
Kg为气相渗透率,mD;Kw为水相渗透率,mD;lg为气相启动压力梯度,atm/cm(1atm=98.0665kPa);lw为水相启动压力梯度,atm/cm;lgy,为原始状态下的气相启动拟压力梯度,atm2/(mPa·s·cm);rw 为井筒半径,cm;re为气井控制半径,cm;mg为气体的黏度,mPa·s;mw为地层水的黏度,mPa·s;`mg平均地层压力下气体的平均黏度,mPa·s;qwsc为标况下产水量,cm3;qgsc为标准状况下产气量,cm3/S;h为气层厚度,cm;b为描述孔隙介质紊流影响的系数,称为速度系数,cm-l;rg为气体密度,g/cm3;rw为地层水密度,g/cm3;qgAOF为天然气无阻流量,cm3/s;Pi为原始地层压力,arm;Pe为某时刻地层压力,atm;Pwf为井底压力,atm;Psc为地面标准状况下压力,atm;ye为某时刻地层拟压力,atm2/(mPa·s);ywf为井底拟压力,atm2/(mPa·s);G为气井控制储量,cm3;Gp为气井累计产气量cm3;Zi为原始条件下气体压缩因子;`Z为平均地层压力下气体的压缩因子;Zsc为地面标准状况下气体的压缩因子;T为气层温度,K;R为气体常数,82.053atm·cm3/(mol·K);We为累计水侵量,cm3;Wp为累计产水量,cm3;Bg为气相体积系数;Bw为水相体积系数。
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本文作者:黄全华 方涛
作者单位:西南石油大学石油工程学院
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