摘 要:虽然2000年以来我国的天然气产量排在世界前列,但目前我国的天然气产量却远远不能满足国民经济发展的需要,越来越多的气田已进入开发中后期,且绝大部分气藏属低渗透和水驱气藏,采收率低,如何提高气藏呆收率已成为当前亟待解决的问题。关于油藏提高采收率的定义、剩余油描述方法与提高原油采收率(EOR)配套技术已较为成熟,但对气藏提高采收率(EGR)的定义与描述还未建立起来,对气藏剩余气分布规律的描述方法与EGR技术还不清楚。为此,在调研大量文献的基础上,对EGR进行了定义,提出按剩余气丰度的方法来进行剩余气分布的描述,分析了国内外已开发的3种主要类型气藏(低渗透气藏、凝析气藏、边底水气藏)的地质开发特征以及开发过程中遇到的问题,总结分析了提高采收率的相关技术与方法,并对EGR技术的发展提出了建议。该成果对气藏提高采收率有重要的借鉴和推广意义。
关键词:天然气 气藏 提高采收率 低渗透气藏 凝析气藏 边底水气藏 技术 对策
Technology and countermeasures for gas recovery enhancement
Abstract:Since 2000,China has been ranked as one of the top countries in gas production.Nevertheless,the domestic gas production can hardly satisfy the need of national economic development.Besides,an increasing number of gas fields have come to the middle or late development stages,and most gas reservoirs have low recovery efficiency due to the low permeability and water drive nature.Therefore,gas recovery enhancement has become an urgent issue.At present,the oil recovery enhancement is well defined,and there are methods describing the remaining oil and a complete set of mature EOR(enhanced oil recovery)technologies.However,the definition and description of EGR(enhanced gas recovery)are still undetermined。and the description method for the distribution of residual gas and EGR technologies are almost unavailable.In view of this,by reviewing a wealth of related literatures,we defined EGR and also described the remaining gas distribution based on the remaining gas abundance.In addition,collecting three typical types(low-permeability,condensate and edge/bottom water)of major gas reservoirs developed at home and abroad,we summarized the geological and development characteristics,and found out the obstructions in the development.In response,we concluded and analyzed the relevant technologies and methods for enhancing the gas recovery of such reservoirs,and proposed the suggestions about EGR technology development,which provides a significant reference and popularization basis for EGR measures in fields.
Keywords:natural gas,reservoir,EGR(enhanced gas recovery),low permeability gas reservoir,condensate reservoir,edge/bottom water drive gas reservoir,technology,countermeasure
1 提高气藏采收率(EGR)的定义
21世纪是天然气世纪,天然气作为一种更清洁、更优质、更经济的能源和化工原料[1-2],在国民经济中的地位越来越重要。由于绝大部分气藏属低渗透和水驱气藏,采收率低,此外我国天然气消费量又逐年上升。因此EGR有重要的经济和社会价值。EGR(enhanced gas recovery)即提高气藏采收率,指在现有经济技术条件下,在水驱或气驱等天然能量开采的气藏采收率基础上,采用工艺技术和方法,以实现提高气藏采收率的技术、方法或工艺过程。油藏天然能量开发被称为一次采油,注水补充能量开发被称为二次采油,注气或化学驱开发被称为三次采油或EOR。针对采气来讲,依靠天然能量开发被称为一次采气,水淹复产、注水、注气、注化学剂、堵水等以及提高剩余气采收率或动用程度的技术与方法被称为EGR。
油藏采收率为驱油效率和波及效率的乘积,EOR就是围绕提高波及效率(如化学驱)和驱油效率(如气驱)进行工作。针对中、高渗透气藏,只要有井生产,就会产生压力降,因此可认为波及效率为100%,这种类型的气藏打加密井只能提高采气速度,不能提高采收率;针对低渗透致密气藏,由于压力波及范围较小,打加替井或水平井可以增加波及体积从而提高气藏采收率;针对于气气藏,没有水驱或注入介质,不存在驱气效率问题,采收率较高,剩余气分布与压力成正相关关系,可以用压力分布来描述剩余气分布;针对水驱或注气驱气藏存在驱气效率问题,此类气藏剩余气分布就不能用压力分布来表示,而应当用剩余气丰度来描述。因为水驱气效率不高,容易形成水封气。因此采收率较低。
笔者系统调研了目前已开发的主力气藏低渗透气藏、凝析气藏、边底水气藏EGR技术,结合气藏实例分析,总结了不同类型气藏提高采收率技术对策,并提出EGR发展建议。
2 低渗透气藏的EGR技术
低渗透气藏产量在我国天然气产量构成中比例逐年上升,业内专家预计我国未来天然气稳产增长将更多地依靠低渗透气田,因此低渗透气田将是我国未来天然气勘探开发的主要对象。低渗透气藏具有非均质性、泥质含量高、低孔渗、高毛细管力、高含水饱和度、气水分布复杂等地质特征。具有自然产能低、压力下降快、产量递减快、开发中后期井筒积液严重等开发特征。如果开采方式不合理,可能导致气藏过早大规模水窜,气藏废弃压力很高,采收率低。低渗透气藏一般需要经过一定增产措施后才能获得有经济价值的气产量,常用的方法是打水平井和对直井进行压裂。
针对低渗透气藏的增产措施已贯穿于从地质研究、钻井、完井、气藏工程等直到气藏停产的整个过程,其主要作用是增大气体在储层段的渗透能力,以增加单井产量、最终采收率,最终提高经济效益。低渗透气藏的EGR技术策略总结如表l所示。
针对我国低渗透砂岩气藏地质与开发特征,借鉴目前致密天然气开发经验,提出以下几点建议:
1)低渗透致密气藏丰度低,非均质严重,要突破富集区优选和储层预测技术,将适合经济开发的有利区域优先开发。
2)致密气藏流动能力差,存在启动压力和应力敏感等问题,传统连续介质渗流理论遇到挑战,有必要发展非连续介质流动理论。
3)国内外应用表明水平井是开发低渗透致密气藏的重要手段,应形成自主知识产权的水平井分段压裂技术和直井多层压裂技术。
4)低渗透致密气藏井数多,控制面积小,井网加密是提高采收率重要手段,研究井网加密技术经济极限很有必要。
5)井下节流技术已在苏里格广泛推广应用,节约了投资,简化了流程,取得很好的应用效果,值得进一步推广。
6)低渗透气藏产能低,效益差,许多气藏处于经济效益开发的边沿,要全过程推行降低成本开发技术。
7)我国水源缺乏,大型水力压裂水源不足,建议推广研究层内爆炸增产技术。
3 凝析气藏的EGR技术
凝析气藏是一种特殊、复杂且经济价值很高的气藏。目前我国已发现的凝析气资源大多集中在新疆和海上,尤其是在塔里木盆地,地层气中凝析油含量高、储量大,在全国占绝对优势。我国的凝析气藏多属凝析油含量中偏低的饱和凝析气藏,且多采用衰竭方式开发,采收率低,有的已处于开发中、后期,如何提高凝析气藏气采收率和凝析油采收率已成为关键问题[16-17]。
凝析气藏由于在开发过程中会发生复杂的物理化学相变,开发机理十分复杂,开发难度大,因此不可避免地会出现很多影响产能和凝析油采收率的问题,例如:液相伤害、水合物堵塞、井筒积液和气窜。开发好凝析气藏,需要综合考虑凝析气藏的地质条件、气藏类型、凝析油含量和经济指标,编制较好的开发方案。
凝析气藏同时产天然气和凝析油,经济价值很高,但开发机理很复杂,存在着凝析油气体系的相态变化和反凝析现象。对高含凝析油的凝析气藏,要尽可能地防止地层压力降至露点压力以下,以避免大量凝析油损失在地层中,同时对有边底水的凝析气藏还要防止边底水的侵入。凝析气藏EGR技术策略总结如表2所示。
以下是凝析气藏提高采收率的几点建议:
1)保持压力开发是提高凝析油采收率的重要方法,但注干气反蒸发机理的实验与理论与现实有些不符,比如牙哈气田注干气凝析油采收率就比预测的高,有待于进一步研究在线注气蒸发的直接测试技术。
2)注气过程中重力超覆也是近年发现的新现象,理论模型无法描述,这涉及重力分异理沦、非平衡相态和非平衡扩散理论,但这些方面理论还未取得明显突破。
3)近年出现一些缝洞型、裂缝性、低渗透凝析气藏,其机理与传统的砂岩相比更为复杂,有必要加强研究提高采收率技术,裂缝凝析气藏单井吞吐不利于提高凝析油采收率。
4)注水开发凝析气藏对相态影响较小,气油比不上升,但大部分气藏水驱会造成波及效率的下降,在高渗透和重力驱的条件下可考虑使用,但使用时要慎重。
5)解除凝析气井污染的新技术研究,将提高凝析油采收率与提高气藏采收率同等对待,改变凝析气藏采收率只重视提高凝析油采收率的传统认识。
6)表2中虽然列出了现发表的EGR技术,有些还处于评价研究阶段,还未投入现场应用,应用时要针对具体的气藏情况,考虑现有技术和经济条件来确定是否值得实施。
4 边底水气藏的EGR技术
我国大多数气藏均属不同程度的水驱气藏,其中边底水活跃的气藏占40%~50%。国内边底水气藏主要为背斜圈闭,且多有断层发育。大部分该类气藏的孔隙度和渗透率偏低,非均质性较强,为水侵活跃气藏,地层水多以沿裂缝上窜的形式侵入气藏,对气藏采收率影响较高。与气驱气藏相比较,边、底水气藏具有采气速度低、产能递减快、采收率低、水气比上升明显、投资大和成本高等特点。凶此,在开发过程中要特别注意气井和气藏的产水动态,加强水的动态监测和治水技术研究。
我国边底水气藏大多数已进入开发中后期阶段,面临水侵现象严重,而采取人工排水采气技术更应注意各种排水工艺的技术特点以及适应条件,以便取得最好的排水效果。通过多年的研究和发展,目前国内外都已形成了各自的提高边底水气藏采收率的技术。其针对边底水气藏的EGR技术策略总结如表3所示。
以下是提高边、底水气藏提高采收率的几点建议:
1)规范水淹气藏的再生产技术,加速排水采气,使储集层压力降低到含水层的影响以下,当地层压力进一步降低,圈闭气膨胀进入气井。这个方法已经在美国和苏联的很多气田中获得应用。
2)利用气水两相渗流阻力阻水,注非烃气体驱替天然气,把氮气注入气水之间,利用氮气与甲烷的比重差,氮气段塞既隔水又驱替天然气。这个方法已经应用于俄罗斯的梅德维日气田。
3)开展边、底水气藏数值模拟和物理模拟研究,建立数值化岩心结合物理模拟、气藏数值模拟技术所特有的仿真模拟属性与排水采气和排水找气相结合的水侵机更有研究新方法。
4)加强新型排水采气工艺技术研究,包括组合排水采气、连续油管深井排水采气、超声波排水采气、球塞气举排水采气、气举凡尔技术。
5)试验底水气藏双完井方式,Armenta等人提出的一种提高气藏采收率的新方法,即在井底安装一个有井底水槽的排水系统和注入系统的双完井方式。
6)通过注入化学剂改变井底储层湿润性,将气相变成润湿相,确保出水后气相的渗流能力。
5 结论
1)EGR的定义和剩余气描述方式与EOR的定义及描述方式都不同,应用时不能直接套用EOR相关方法。
2)低渗透气藏EGR的重要方向是降低废弃压力、增大波及体积。
3)凝析气藏EGR不仅要提高凝析油采收率,提高天然气采收率也是重要内容。
4)边底水气藏EGR主要方向是治水和用水,解除水封气,复杂气藏水侵机理还需加强研究。
5)我国目前发现的复杂气藏较多,如低渗透凝析气边底水气藏,就需要根据气藏的主要矛盾来制定科学合理的EGR技术方案。
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本文作者:郭平 景莎莎 彭彩珍
作者单位:“油气藏地质及开发工程”国家重点实验室·西南石油大学
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